Joseph asks…What are the non-lethal effects of predation?admin answers:The general idea is that there will be trade-offs between vigilance (survival → fitness) vs feeding (growth → fitness). In other words, non-lethal effects of predation can act as an energy drain to prey, causing:
1. Shifts in habitat use. This excludes prey from most productive or optimal habitats. E.g. In streams, small minnows move to shallow habitat when bass are introduced into pools. However, this may be more
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